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1.1 This
test method covers the determination of the water resistance of shipping
containers.
1.2 This test method is
frequently used in conjunction with other tests made prior to or after the
spray test, such as the drop test, vibration test, inclined impact test, or
compression test.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use. |
ASTM D999-01
Standard Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers |
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1.1
These methods cover vibration tests of filled shipping containers. Such
tests may be used to assess the performance of a container, with its
interior packing and means of closure, both in terms of its strength and
of the protection it provides its contents when it is subjected to
vibration such as it experiences in transportation. These procedures are
suitable for testing containers of any form, material, kind, design of
interior packing, means of closure, and any size and weight. They are
not intended for determining the response of products to vibration for
product design purposes, nor are they intended for tests of products in
their operational configuration as other more suitable procedures are
available for these purposes.
1.2
The following methods appear: Method A1-Repetitive Shock Test
(Vertical Motion). Method A2-Repetitive Shock Test (Rotary
Motion). Method B-Single Container Resonance Test. Method C-Palletized
Load, Unitized Load, or Vertical Stack Resonance Test.
1.3
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if
any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of
this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.
1.3
These methods fulfill the requirements of International Organization for
Standardization standards ISO 8318 and ISO 2247.
The ISO
standards may not meet the requirements for these methods.
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ASTM D1596-97(2003) Standard Test Method for Dynamic Shock Cushioning
Characteristics of Packaging Material
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1.1
This test method covers a procedure for obtaining dynamic shock
cushioning characteristics of packaging materials through
acceleration-time data achieved from dropping a falling guided platen
assembly onto a motionless sample. This test method does not address any
effects or contributions of exterior packaging assemblies.
1.2
The data acquired may be used for a single point or for use in
developing a dynamic cushion curve for the specific material being
tested. Curves are used either to predict performance of materials under
use conditions or for comparison among different materials at specific
input conditions. Caution should be used when attempting to compare data
from different methods or when using such data for predicting in-package
performance. Depending upon the particular materials of concern,
correlation of such data (from among differing procedures or for
predicting in-package performance) may be highly variable.
Note
1-Alternative and related method for possible consideration is Test
Method D 4168.
1.3
The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the
standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if
any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of
this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.> |
ASTM D3951-98 Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
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1.1
This practice establishes minimum requirements for packaging of supplies
and equipment, exclusive of ammunition, explosives, or hazardous
materials, as covered in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
1.2
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if
any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of
this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. |
ASTM D4168-95(2002) Standard Test Methods for Transmitted Shock
Characteristics of Foam-in-Place Cushioning Materials
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1.1
These test methods determine the shock-absorbing characteristics of
foam-in-place packaging materials.
1.2
Test Method A uses a free-fall package drop test apparatus.
1.3
Test Method B uses a shock-test apparatus.
1.4
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if
any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of
this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. |
D4332-01e1 Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
Packaging Components for Testing
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1.1
This practice provides for standard and special conditioning and testing
atmospheres that may be used to simulate particular field conditions
that a container, package, or packaging component may encounter during
its life or testing cycle.
1.2
This practice describes procedures for conditioning these containers,
packages, or packaging components so that they may reach equilibrium
with the atmosphere to which they may be exposed.
1.3
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if
any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of
this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. |
ASTM D4727/D4727M-98 Standard Specification for Corrugated and Solid
Fiberboard Sheet Stock (Container Grade) and Cut Shapes
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1.1
This specification covers fiberboard primarily used for the fabrication
of boxes and interior details such as pads, sleeves, liners, partitions,
die-cut sheets, etc.
1.2
The performance of fiberboard boxes is largely dependent on the paper
components from which they are fabricated and, in the case of corrugated
boxes, on the flute structure as well. Therefore, a variety of grades
reflecting varied performance levels are specified.
1.3
The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be
regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown
in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents;
therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with
the standard. See Practice E380 for conversion of units.
1.4
The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test portion,
Sections 8 and 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport
to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability
of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Index Terms
corrugated; cut shapes; domestic; fire
retardant; sheets; solid fiberboard; weather resistant |
ASTM D5118/D5118M-95(2001) Standard Practice for Fabrication of
Fiberboard Shipping Boxes
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of new fiberboard boxes,
liners and sleeves.
1.2 This practice points out the factors and components that must be
controlled in the manufacture of corrugated and solid fiberboard
boxes, liners and sleeves.
1.3 This practice does not cover the adequacy of fiberboard
containers under all conditions of exposure to atmosphere, handling,
shipping and storage.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to
be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units
are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not
exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently
of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in
non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
Index Terms
boxes; box fabrication; box styles;
fiberboard |
ASTM D5639/D5639M-95(2000)e1
Standard Practice for Selection of Corrugated Fiberboard Materials and
Box Construction Based on Performance Requirements |
1.1 This practice provides information on corrugated fiberboard for
the prospective user who wants guidance in selecting attributes of
materials and box construction based on performance requirements.
These attributes should be part of specifications which establish
levels of the qualities a shipping container must have in order to
be acceptable to the purchaser or user. The attributes and qualities
should be testable, using standard methods that are recognized by
both the buyer and seller. This practice will assist users in
developing specifications for corrugated containers through an
analysis of performance requirements and subsequent relationships to
fiberboard materials and box construction attributes. This practice
is intended to provide specific corrugated container performance
standards as opposed to packaged product performance evaluation
through distribution and handling environments, such as Practice
D4169.
1.2 The attributes and their levels should be based on the intended
use of the box, including the handling and environment it will
encounter. Many packaging regulations include detailed descriptions
of the materials that may be used and style, closure, or other
construction details of allowed shipping containers. These
regulations are presented as minimum requirements; they may be
exceeded for functional reasons, but there is no regulatory reason
to do so. Rail and motor freight classifications applicable for
surface common carrier transportation have established minimum
requirements for certain attributes of corrugated packaging. These
may or may not be appropriate for application in the complete
distribution system, as they encompass only containerboard or
combined corrugated board-not finished boxes-and are not intended to
provide for the distribution system beyond the transportation
segment.
1.3 Corrugated containers for packaging of hazardous materials for
transportation must comply with federal regulations administered by
the U.S. Department of Transportation (Code of Federal
Regulations-49CFR).
1.4 The values stated in both SI and inch-pound units are to be
regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound
units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are
not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
independently of the other.
1.5 Lists and Descriptions of Performance and Material
Characteristics and Related Test Procedures--For further
information on the development of performance-based specifications,
please refer to the sections on Specifications and Test Procedures
of the Fibre Box Handbook.
1.6 This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of
this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use. |
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ASTM D6039/D6039M-02 Standard Specification for Crates,
WOOD, Open and Covered |
.1 This specification covers five types and two styles of open and
one type, and one style of covered WOOD
crates designed for net loads not exceeding 4000 lb [1814 kg]. Open
crates are suitable for shipment of items, which are not readily
susceptible to damage from outside forces, and which require only
limited protection against the elements.
1.2 If environmental protection is necessary, use of a shroud or a
covered crate should be considered. With the exception of Type III,
Style B crates, the crates included in this specification are for
use in domestic and overseas shipment of net loads not over 4000 lb
[1814 kg]. Use shall be confined to items falling within the
dimensions and weight limitations of the types and grades specified
in .
1.3 In general, Style A crates have heavier components and are to
withstand rather severe handling and multiple shipments
(heavy-duty), while Style B crates should be confined to handling
and shipping that impose only light to moderate hazards on the
container (light-duty). Types I, IV, and V crates are general
purpose types; Type II crates are designed for items such as
ladders, tubing, extrusions, or wallboard which do not require
blocking, bracing, or cushioning; and Type III, Style B crates are
designed for such self-supporting material as channels, angles, or
other structural members where the container serves only as a means
for more convenient stacking and handling.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units shall be
regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system
may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used
independently of the other, without combining values in any way.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.6 If the use of other construction methods or techniques is
acceptable and permitted (see ), the resulting packaging systems
shall be of equal or better performance than would result from the
use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate
distribution cycle specified in Practice ASTM D 4169 can be used to
develop comparative procedures and criteria. |
ASTM D6055-96(2002) Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of
Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
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1.1 These test methods are suitable for testing the integrity of
unitized loads and large cases and crates, but not individual
drums or palletized drums, as well as the ability of the
contents to endure normal handling, using standard mechanical
handling equipment. Not all of the test methods are applicable
to all products containers and loads. These test methods are
applicable to common means of material handling, including pull
pack, clamp truck, and spade lift-type handling equipment as
follows:
1.1.1 Test Method A—Fork Truck Handling—For testing the
ability of the shipping unit to withstand repeated handlings by
this test method.
1.1.2 Test Method B—Spade Lift Test—For lifting by spade
lift attachment to determine the ability of the handling flap of
the case or shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting and
handling by this test method.
1.1.3 Test Method C—Clamp Handling Test—For lifting by
hydraulic clamp attachment, to determine the ability of the
shipping unit to withstand squeeze clamp handling consisting of
repeated side compression and lifting.
1.1.4 Test Method D—Push-Pull Handling Test—For testing
the ability of a unitized load on a slip-sheet to withstand
repeated handling by this test method.
1.1.5 Test Method E—Grabhook Test—For lifting by
grabhooks to determine the ability of the shipping unit to
withstand the horizontal pressures of grabhooks.
1.1.6 Test Method F—Sling Tests—For lifting by wire rope,
cable, or woven fiber slings to determine the ability of the
shipping unit to withstand the compression of slings.
1.2 Additional Test Methods:
1.2.1 Additional test methods that apply to mechanical handling
and rough handling tests of unitized loads and large cases and
crates include incline impact tests, described in Test Method D
880; horizontal impact tests, described in Test Method D 4003.
1.2.2 Practice D 4169 provides a series of options for selecting
and running performance tests on all types of shipping
containers and systems.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ASTM D6251/D6251M-01 Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated
Panel board Shipping Boxes |
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication and closure of
empty and full wood-cleated, hereafter referred to as wood-cleated,
panelboard boxes. These boxes are intended for use as
containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general
materials and supplies, not exceeding 1000 lb [454 kg]
depending on box type (see 10.1).
1.2 Wood-cleated panelboard shipping box performance is
dependent on its fabricated components and subsequent
assembly; therefore, a variety of types, classes, styles,
and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified.
This specification, however, does not cover wood-cleated
panelboard box performance under all atmospheric, handling,
shipping, and storage conditions.
1.3 If the use of other construction methods or techniques
is acceptable and permitted (see 5.1.17), the resulting
packaging systems shall be of equal or better performance
than would result from the use of these specified materials
and procedures. The appropriate distribution cycle,
specified in Practice D4169, can be used to develop
comparative procedures and criteria.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text,
the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
system must be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
with the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion of
units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of the standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Index Terms
box; cleat; cleated-plywood;
container; fasteners; nails; packaging; panel; panelboard;
shipping container; skid; staples; wire stitches; wood. |
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